Paraguay-Argentina: tensión en la Hidrovía
De manera unilateral, el gobierno argentino dispuso el cobro de peaje en un tramo de la Hidrovía Paraná-Paraguay. Esta decisión contradice el acuerdo internacional de libre navegación comercial exento de pago de peaje, y despertó el malestar del resto de los vecinos regionales. Las represalias no tardaron en llegar.
La Hidrovía Paraná-Paraguay, por donde pasan diariamente barcazas de origen paraguayo, se ha vuelto el centro de una tensión geopolítica. La sección Santa Fe Norte de la Vía de Navegación Troncal (VNT) de los ríos Paraná y Paraguay es donde Argentina decidió cobrar peaje a las embarcaciones comerciales.
La Hidrovía Paraná-Paraguay es uno de los canales logísticos con mayor utilización del sistema fluvial. El cobro en cuestión consiste en el cobro de 1,47 dólares por tonelada de registro neto al transporte fluvial que transite por el tramo entre el puerto de Santa Fe y Confluencia.
Paraguay, Bolivia, Brasil y Uruguay, como miembros firmantes del Acuerdo de Transporte Fluvial por la Hidrovía de 1994, le exigieron a Argentina que renuncie a la medida. Es tal el encono del lado paraguayo, que su flamante presidente Santiago Peña advirtió que pediría el arbitraje internacional, teniendo a su favor el respaldo de los Estados anteriormente mencionados.
El espíritu del Acuerdo de Transporte Fluvial por la Hidrovía se refleja en su artículo 4°, donde se establece que los países signatarios reconocen de forma recíproca la libertad de navegación por toda la Hidrovía. En el artículo siguiente, se especifica que las partes no podrán emitir ninguna clase de impuesto, tributo o gravamen, al transporte, su carga o a las propias embarcaciones.
Domingo Peppo, embajador argentino en Asunción, argumentó el por qué de la decisión tributaria de su gobierno basándose en que Argentina presta distintos tipos de servicios fluviales, como el balizamiento, dragado, seguridad y de índole ambientales, que representan entre 20 y 25 millones de dólares anuales, y que quién utilice la hidrovía debe pagar por ello.
En respuesta a estas explicaciones del funcionario argentino, la Comisión Permanente de Transporte de la Cuenca del Plata (Cptcp), compuesta por los países participantes del acuerdo, dejó en claro que los dichos del embajador no son ciertos, ya que las profundidades correspondientes al tramo Santa Fe-Confluencia permite la navegación segura sin que haga falta intervenciones de dragado. Del mismo modo, por el tipo de tecnología que suele emplearse, tampoco es necesario el servicio de balizamiento.
Paraguay es el más afectado por la medida argentina, sin embargo, Bolivia, Brasil y Uruguay han decidido, junto con el principal damnificado, llevar la problemática ante el Comité Intergubernamental de la Hidrovía (CIH), que representa al órgano político del acuerdo. Según estiman las partes, el peaje cobrado por Argentina supone un costo adicional para el comercio intraregional de aproximadamente 40 millones de dólares al año.
No obstante, y a pesar de las presentaciones en marcos jurídicos, el gobierno de Santiago Peña decidió hace algunos días, a modo de represalia, retirar el 100% de la energía que Paraguay produce en la Entidad Binacional Yaciretá. La justificación la dio el vicepresidente de Paraguay Pedro Alliana: “Del lado argentino no nos están desembolsando lo que corresponde con Yaciretá por la cesión de energía. La deuda que se tiene es de 93 millones de dólares y que ellos no reconocen”. Antes de está determinación, Paraguay solo hacia uso del 15% de la energía total, por su parte Argentina se quedaba con el 85% restante. Esto sin duda es un problema para la distribución de energía local, puesto que perdería alrededor de 1050 megavatios en una época del año de alta demanda.
En definitiva, a los problemas diplomáticos por la Hidrovía Paraná-Paraguay se le añade el conflicto en materia energética. Estas cuestiones las deberá resolver el próximo gobierno nacional en un contexto regional marcado por los desencuentros intergubernamentales y de fuertes influencias extraregionales.
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