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Bolivia se abre al mundo para acelerar su producción de litio

Posted on by Lucas Cachan

Bolivia se muestra cada vez más abierta a recibir a empresas provenientes de la Unión Europea y de cualquier parte del mundo con el objetivo de acelerar y acrecentar su exploración, extracción e industrialización de litio, siempre y cuando se cumplan las exigencias y condiciones bolivianas.

Hace algunos días., el Presidente de Bolivia Luis Arce afirmó “Estamos abiertos a cualquier empresa que quiera venir a Bolivia, pero las condiciones son claras”, dejando en claro que el país quiere participar y monitorear toda la cadena de producción de su mineral.

El ex Ministro de Economía y Finanzas de Evo Morales en reiteradas ocasiones ha sostenido que, como Bolivia cuenta con la reserva de litio más grande del mundo, las razones para que empresas europeas participen en la explotación del litio son compatibles con los planes del gobierno local de alcanzar una mayor eficiencia tecnológica en la actividad del litio.

Las reservas de litio en Bolivia se estiman en 23 millones de toneladas métricas, sin embargo, como toda nación periférica que cuenta con inagotables recursos posee la maldición de no contar con una capacidad productiva que traduzca su potencial en una alta escala comercial, capaz de atender la gran demanda mundial. Al respecto, el presidente sostuvo que “Tenemos suficiente cantidad de reservas para que varias empresas puedan estar explotando simultáneamente sin chocarse las unas contra las otras”, y puso énfasis en la imperiosa necesidad boliviana: “Lo que nosotros queremos es una eficiencia en la tecnología”.

Así como se ha mostrado abierta a empresas europeas, Bolivia hace lo propio con empresas del otro lado del globo, en este sentido, la búsqueda de Bolivia por alcanzar acuerdos definitivos para la extracción de litio no conoce de alineamientos ideológicos. Tanto China como Rusia, a través de empresas dedicadas a la extracción y producción de minerales, ya se encuentran trabajando en suelo boliviano. En la actualidad, hay dos empresas chinas y una rusa operando en tres de los salares de Bolivia, y aún hay decenas sin explorar. En enero y junio de este año el gobierno local firmó preacuerdos con compañías de estos dos países, no obstante, es la empresa estatal Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos (YLB) la encargada directa de poner condiciones en las negociaciones acerca de las cantidades, montos, detalles técnicos, entre otras cuestiones.

El preacuerdo correspondiente al mes de enero fue con el consorcio chino CATL BRUNP & MOC (CBC), que se comprometió en llevar adelante una inversión cercana a los 1.400 millones de dólares, que se reflejará en la instalación de dos plantas en los salares de Coipasa, en Oruro, y otra en Uyuni, Potosí. De las negociaciones de junio, formó parte otra firma china, Citic Guoan, y la rusa Uranium One Group, con el fin de obtener cerca de 50.000 toneladas por año. Asimismo, el propio gobierno boliviano trabaja en la construcción de una planta dedicada al tratamiento de carbonato de litio en Potosí y bajo distintos programas de exploración estatales busca más reservas de litio en su territorio.

La actividad alrededor del litio no descansa. De manera conjunta con la Universidad Tomás Frías (UTO), YLB quiere desarrollar una técnica propia para la explotación del litio en Coipasa, y para ello busca que profesionales bolivianos puedan especializarse en el desarrollo y formas de aplicación de tecnología gracias a convenios de estudio con universidades europeas.

Hace algunas semanas, el gobierno realizó nuevas estimaciones en cuanto a la cantidad de reservas acumuladas. Según datos recogidos, Bolivia se consolida como primera reserva mundial de litio, ya que pasó de 21 millones de toneladas a 23 millones cuantificadas. Para obtener este dato, fueron perforados 66 pozos en los salares, 46 en Coipasa y 20 en Pastos Grandes- PONER ALGUN MAPA. Cabe resaltar, que los yacimientos de Coipasa, Uyuni, y Pastos Grandes conforman el total de reservas con las que cuenta Bolivia.

El costo de venta es una variable que no se debe omitir. Para fines de 2020, el precio del litio se situaba en unos 5.700 dólares por tonelada. En noviembre de 2022 se ubicaba en unos 80.000 dólares por tonelada, pero finalizando septiembre del corriente año se encuentra en los 23.000 dólares. Según los analistas, los factores de esta abrupta caída radican se explican en las fuertes expectativas de mayor producción en Argentina, Brasil y África, y en una desaceleración de la economía china.

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